Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) integrate text and visual data processing to enhance how artificial intelligence understands and interacts with the world. This area of research focuses on creating systems that can comprehend and respond to a combination of visual cues and linguistic information, mimicking human-like interactions more closely. The challenge often lies in the…

Online text recognition models have advanced significantly in recent years due to enhanced model structures and larger datasets. However, mathematical expression (ME) recognition, a more intricate task, has yet to receive comparable attention. Unlike text, MEs have a rigid two-dimensional structure where the spatial arrangement of symbols is crucial. Handwritten MEs (HMEs) pose even greater…